A thread is a sequence of execution in a program. All our C# programs up to this point have one entry point—the Main () method. Execution starts with the first statement in the Main () method and continues until that method returns. A thread is the basic unit to which the operating system allocates processor time.

Processes are made up of one or more threads. A thread is defined as a single flow of operation within a program. When a program executes on the CPU, it traverses the program statements in a single thread until the thread is complete. A multithreaded application distributes functions among multiple program flows, allowing two or more paths of execution to occur. Each path of execution is a separate thread.

Multi-tasking: It's a feature of modern operating systems with which we can run multiple programs at same time example word, excel etc

Multi-Threading: Multi-threading forms subset of multi-tasking instead of having to switch between programs this feature switches between different parts of the same program. Example we are writing a word document and at the same time word is doing a spell check in background.

Multithreaded programs create their own threads that can be executed separately from the main thread of the program. All threads created by the primary thread share the same memory address space as the primary thread. Often the secondary threads are used to perform computationally intensive functions, allowing the main thread to continue responding to Windows events. Without the secondary threads, the user could not select anything from the menu or click any buttons while an application computed a mathematical function

System.Threading: This namespace has all the classes that are related to implement threading. Any .Net application who wants to implements threading has to import this namespace.

Note: In .Net program, there are always at least two threads running, i.e. one is the main program and other is the garbage collector.

States:

Threads have several operational states, which are enumerated using the .NET Thread State enumeration, found in the System.Threading namespace.

• Initialized: The thread has been initialized but not started.


• Ready: The thread is waiting for a processor.


• Running: The thread is currently using the processor.


• Standby: The thread is about to use the processor.


• Terminated: The thread is finished and is ready to exit.


• Transition: The thread is waiting for a resource other than the processor.


• Unknown: The system is unable to determine the thread state.


• Wait: The thread is not ready to use the processor

The Thread Class

Use the Thread class to create a new Thread object, which produces a new thread within the current process. The format of the Thread constructor is as follows, where start is a ThreadStart delegate:

The ThreadStart delegate points to the method that will be performed within the new thread.

E.g. Thread newthread= new Thread (new ThreadStart (anyMethod));

Void anyMethod () {}

After the Thread object is created, it can be controlled using various Thread class methods, which are as under:

• Abort (): Terminate the thread.


• Equals (): Determines whether two thread objects are same.


• GetHashCode (): Get a unique representation for the thread.


• GetType (): Get the type of the current thread.


• Interrupt (): Interrupts a thread that is in a wait state.


• Join (): Blocks the calling thread until the thread terminates.


• Resume (): Resumes a thread that has been suspended.


• Start (): Change the state of the thread to running.


• Suspend (): Suspend the execution of the thread.


• ToString (): gets a string representation of the Thread object.

Thread priority: The thread priority determines the order in which thread has to execute. The thread priority can be changed by using Threadname.Priority = ThreadPriority.Highest.

Different levels of priority provided by .Net:

• ThreadPriority.Highest


• ThreadPriority.AboveNormal


• ThreadPriority.Normal


• ThreadPriority.BelowNormal


• ThreadPriority.Lowest

Thread.Sleep (): Thread execution can be paused by calling the Thread.Sleep method. This method takes an integer value that determines how long the thread should sleep.

Example: Demonstrate Threading

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;

using System.Text;

using System.Runtime.Remoting;

using System.Threading;

namespace ConsoleApplication1

{

  class Program1

   {

    static void Main ( string [] args)

       {

        Program1 ts = new Program1 ();

       }

    public Program1()

        {

            int i;

            Thread firstThread = new Thread ( new ThreadStart (FirstMethod));

            Thread secondThread = new Thread ( new ThreadStart (SecondMethod));

            firstThread.Start();

            secondThread.Start();

      for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)

            {

        Console.WriteLine( "Main: {0}" , i);

                Thread .Sleep(1000);

            }

        }

    void FirstMethod()

        {

            int i;

      for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)

            {

        Console.WriteLine( " First thread: {0}" , i);

                Thread .Sleep(2000);

            }

        }

    void SecondMethod()

        {

            int i;

      for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)

            {

        Console.WriteLine( " Second thread2: {0}" , i);

                Thread .Sleep(3000);

            }

        }

    }

}

Output: